Epidemiology Study - Overview

Avian Influenza Study Objective:

To determine the prevalence and incidence of Avian Influenza among individuals in a defined population. This objective outlines the primary aim of the study, which is to establish the frequency of Avian Influenza within a specific age group and geographic area, while also seeking to understand potential factors contributing to its development. Moreover, the report is having geographic coverage including North America, Europe and rest of the world however customisation can be made in the geographic coverage.

Avian Influenza Study USP:

• This epidemiological study on Avian Influenza stands out due to its comprehensive approach in establishing precise prevalence rates, identifying novel risk factors, and exploring geographical variations in a diverse population.
• By integrating advanced imaging techniques with robust statistical analyses, the study aims to provide actionable insights to identify treatment opportunities, target population, and an overview on public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of Avian Influenza related health problems.
• Through meticulous data collection and rigorous methodology, the study not only contributes to the scientific understanding of Avian Influenza but also serves as a foundation for future research events and healthcare policymaking in addressing this increasing Avian Influenza cases.

Avian Influenza related Study Overview:

The study Defines Avian Influenza as an advanced form of disease. The significance of studying Avian Influenza epidemiology is due to its increasing prevalence in different age populations.

Avian Influenza Study Design:

Population: The target population and the sampling method (e.g., random sampling from healthcare registries or population databases)

Data Collection: Detail methods for identifying Avian Influenza cases (e.g., clinical examination, imaging studies) and demographic data (age, sex, ethnicity).

Avian Influenza Epidemiological Parameters:

Prevalence: Prevalence rates considered per 1,000 or 10,000 population.

Incidence: Determine annual incidence rates per 1,000 person-years.

Risk Factors: Analyse associations between Avian Influenza and potential risk factors (e.g., age, smoking, genetics).

Geographical Variations: Compare prevalence or incidence rates across different regions or countries.

Avian Influenza study summary:

Avian Influenza study summarizes the prevalence, incidence, possible risk factors, and geographic variations of the Avian Influenza worldwide.

Avian Influenza Disease overview:

Avian Influenza also known as bird flu, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds but occasionally infect humans and other animals. It is caused by influenza type A viruses, which is known for its potential to cause serious disease in both birds and humans.

Avian influenza viruses are classified into two types based on how harmful they are to birds:

• Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses lead to serious illness and high death rates in birds, and in some cases, they can also cause severe infections in humans.
• Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (LPAI) viruses usually result in mild symptoms in birds, but under certain conditions, they can evolve into the more dangerous HPAI form.

Avian influenza tends to impact people most in areas where close contact with poultry is common particularly in regions like Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In these areas, individuals are more frequently exposed to infected birds, increasing the risk of transmission. Human infections can occur across all age groups, but the likelihood of infection varies depending on geographic location and level of exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments.

The most prominent Avian influenza virus strains which have occasionally infected humans, are the ones linked to major outbreaks are H5N1 and H7N9. Between 2003 and 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) recorded 878 human cases of HPAI H5N1 infection across 23 countries, resulting in 458 deaths—reflecting a fatality rate of approximately 52.16%.

Since 2013, H7N9 strain has caused human infections in China, with five epidemic waves occurring between March 2013 and September 2017. Globally, over 1,500 cases have been reported, with a case fatality rate of around 40%. Recently in March 2024, the United States reported a single confirmed case of H5N1 infection in a dairy worker, highlighting the ongoing risk of zoonotic transmission.

Treatment options available in the market for Avian Influenza are as follows Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, Subunit Vaccines. Key market players manufacturing vaccines for the treatment of Avian Influenza include Zydus Cadila, Indian Immunologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Zoetis, CEVA Sante Animale, Animal Health Investment, Phibro Animal Health, Elanco Animal Health, Thomson BioScience, Merck Animal Health, Virbac, Hester Biosciences, Merial.

February 2025, Zoetis has received a conditional license from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for its Avian Influenza Vaccine, H5N2 Subtype, Killed Virus, intended for use in chickens. This license was granted based on the vaccine’s demonstrated safety, purity, and expected efficacy. It addresses the ongoing threat of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), which has affected over 150 million birds in the U.S. since 2022. The conditional license allows Zoetis to respond to this emergency situation and may be renewed as needed.

Avian Influenza Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors:

Age and Sex: Avian influenza infections are most frequently observed in individuals aged 20 to 50 years, largely due to occupational exposure. According to one of the study published in NCBI PubMed Central, analysis of 169 WHO confirmed human H5N1 cases across 10 countries found that incidence in 0 to 9 years age group was 26%, in 10 to 19 years age range it was 29 %, in 20 to 29 years age group it was 23.1%,  in 30 to 39 years age it was observed to be 16% and 40 or greater than 40 years it was 5.9%. Both H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza strains tend to affect males more frequently, likely due to occupational exposure. Men are more commonly involved in jobs such as poultry farming, working in live bird markets, and processing poultry, which increases their risk of meeting infected birds or contaminated environments.

Ethnicity: In united states many H5N1 cases have occurred among animal production workers, according to one of the report published by KFF, Hispanic individuals represent a significant portion of animal production workforce in certain states upto 37% in Texas, making them potentially more exposed to avian influenza due to occupational risk. This ethnic distribution varies by state with much lower representation in states like Ohio with 4% and south Dakota with 8%.

Risk Factors causing Avian Influenza: Risk factors for avian influenza include direct or indirect contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. This includes handling or preparing infected poultry, especially at home, working as a poultry farmer, or visiting affected regions. Other risks involve eating undercooked poultry or eggs, caring for infected patients as a healthcare worker, or living with someone who is infected.

Avian Influenza Market Scope:

Drivers: The increasing occurrence of avian influenza outbreaks across various regions is one of the most pivotal drivers propelling the Avian Influenza Vaccine Market industry. Past outbreaks have significantly affected the poultry industry, leading to devastating financial losses and public health concerns, thereby heightening the demand for effective vaccines. Given the nature of avian influenza, which can rapidly spread among bird populations and pose threats to human health, the urgency to mitigate such outbreaks fosters an environment ripe for vaccine development and adoption.

Moreover, governments and organizations are actively investing resources into developing and distributing vaccines as a proactive measure to curb the spread of avian influenza. These factors suggest a robust growth trajectory for the Avian Influenza Vaccine Market, likely resulting in heightened production levels and innovation within vaccine development technologies.
Regulatory support for vaccine development and distribution ensures that effective measures are implemented to protect both animal and human populations.

Awareness about poultry health management is increasingly becoming a focal point for farmers and poultry producers, which drives the Avian Influenza Vaccine Market industry. As the poultry market expands globally, there is a growing understanding that maintaining healthy livestock is essential for food security and economic stability. This awareness has led to the proactive adoption of vaccines as a fundamental component of poultry health management strategies, thereby supporting overall market growth.

Restraints: Regulatory approvals hurdles, high research and development cost for development of vaccine, limited awareness, viral mutation and vaccine efficacy are some of the factors which can contribute to hamper the growth of the market involved in manufacturing the therapeutics for the treatment of Avian Influenza.