Oncology Drugs Epidemiology Study

Global Cancer Epidemiology Study

Cancer Study Objective:

To determine the prevalence and incidence of cancer among individuals in a defined population. This objective outlines the primary aim of the study, which is to establish the frequency of cancer within a specific age group and geographic area, while also seeking to understand potential factors contributing to its development. Adjustments can be made based on the study's scope, available data, and specific research questions of interest.

Cancer Study USP:

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  This epidemiological study on cancer stands out due to its comprehensive approach in establishing precise prevalence rates, identifying novel risk factors, and exploring geographical variations in a diverse population.

  
  


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  By integrating advanced imaging techniques with robust statistical analyses, the study aims to provide actionable insights to identify treatment opportunities, target population, and an overview on public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of cancer related health problems.

  
  


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  Through meticulous data collection and rigorous methodology, the study not only contributes to the scientific understanding of cancer but also serves as a foundation for future research events and healthcare policymaking in addressing this increasing cancer cases.

  
  

Cancer related Study Overview:

The study defines cancer as an advanced form of disease. The significance of studying cancer epidemiology is due to its increasing prevalence in different age populations.

Cancer Study Design:

Population: The target population (e.g., any relevant age group mostly elderly individuals aged 65 years and above) and the sampling method (e.g., random sampling from healthcare registries or population databases)

Data Collection: Detail methods for identifying acne cases (e.g., clinical examination, imaging studies) and demographic data (age, sex, ethnicity).

cancer Epidemiological Parameters:

Prevalence: Prevalence rates considered per 1,000 or 10,000 population.

Incidence: Determine annual incidence rates per 1,000 person-years.

Risk Factors: Analyse associations between cancer and potential risk factors (e.g., age, smoking, genetics).

Geographical Variations: Compare prevalence or incidence rates across different regions or countries.

Cancer Study Summary:

Cancer study summarizes the prevalence, incidence, possible risk factors, and geographic variations of the acne worldwide.

Cancer Disease Overview:

Oncology is the branch under medicine which is involved in research, treatment, diagnosis and prevention of the cancer disease. Cancer is group of diseases, caused due to uncontrolled division of cells, forming tumours, having the ability to spread throughout the body. There are 2 types of tumours benign and malignant; benign tumours are usually non-cancerous and don’t usually spread in the body, whereas malignant tumours are cancerous and invade the surrounding tissue and spread through bloodstream in the whole body.

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  Based on the type of tissue in which cancer originates (Histological type), it is classified into 6 major categories including Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Myeloma, Leukaemia, Lymphoma and Mixed Types.

  
  


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  Based on the primary site where cancer originates cancer is classified into Skin, Lungs, Breast, Prostate, Colon and Rectum, Cervix and Uterus

  
  

According to the World Health Organization, it was estimated that about 20 million new cancer cases were diagnosed and 9.7 million deaths in 2022. In addition, cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, and the incidence of cancer is expected to continue rising in the coming years.

As per the report on growing Global cancer burden by WHO, about 2.5 million, accounting for 12.4% of total new cases were recorded for lung cancer making it one of the most commonly occurring cancer and leading cause of death (1.8 million deaths, 18.7% of total cancer deaths) worldwide. Second rank was of female breast cancer with 2.3 million cases accounting 11.6%, then was colorectal cancer (1.9 million cases, 9.6%), prostate cancer (1.5 million cases, 7.3%), and stomach cancer (970 000 cases, 4.9%).and as per WHO, 35 million new cancer cases are predicted to occur in 2050, which accounts for 77% increase in cases from 20 million cases in 2022.

There are different types of cancer treatments, patients receive either single treatment or combinations of treatments based on nature of the cancer. Different types of oncology therapeutics used for cancer treatments includes cytotoxic or chemotherapy drugs (alkylating agents, antimetabolites), Targeted drugs (monoclonal antibodies, cancer growth blockers), Hormonal drugs, immunotherapy drugs.

There are several key players manufacturing cancer medications such as AstraZeneca, Pfizer Inc, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc, Novartis AG, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Merck KGaA, Amgen Inc, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc

This review discusses key aspects of the prevalence and incidence of cancer, It also examines factors known to modify risk, including demographic and environmental influences. Understanding the global epidemiology of cancer is essential for effective prevention and management strategies for affected patients.

Cancer Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors:

Age and sex: As per American society of cancer journal, in 2022 Cancer incidence rate combined for all types was higher slightly in men (212.5 per 100,000) as compared to women (186.2 per 100,000). But the rates of incidence varied across the world regions by fourfold to fivefold, among men incidence rates were above 500 in Australia/New Zealand (507.9 per 100,000) to below 100 in Western Africa (97.1 per 100,000). And for women rates ranged from, above 400 in Australia/New Zealand (410.5 per 100,000) to close to 100 in South-Central Asia (103.3 per 100,000). Most common types of cancers found in men includes Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer and breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are some common cancers among women. As per the estimates of GLOBOCON about one men in five or women get diagnosed with cancer in a lifetime, whereas around one in nine men and one in 12 women die due to cancer.

Ethnicity: In the year 2013 to 2017 incidence rate of cancers were seen as highest in white and black individuals as compared to Asian and pacific islanders (aggregated group), American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Hispanic and Latino individuals. Also, Black and AI/AN cancer patients had 5-year lower rates of survival of cancer across most of the cancers as compared to the white cancer patients. This highlights the racial and ethnic disparities in the outcomes of cancer as a disease. Highest death rates due to cancer were observed amongst Black individuals in 2019 in US.

Risk Factors causing Cancer: According to the national cancer institute the most studied and suspected risk factors of cancer include Age, Alcohol, Cancer-Causing Substances, Chronic Inflammation, Diet, Hormones, Immunosuppression, Infectious Agents, Obesity, Radiation, Sunlight, Tobacco.

Environmental Factors causing Cancer: Tobacco smoke, Pollutants in the air or water (such as asbestos, industrial waste, pesticides, asbestos exposure may cause lung cancer, Exposure to pesticides is associated with a higher risk of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Exposure to radiation such as (ultraviolet radiation; primarily from sunlight, causes skin cancers). Ionizing radiation such as X-ray studies is carcinogenic. Exposure to the radioactive gas radon, can be released from soil, has the risk of lung cancer.

Cancer Drugs Market Scope:

Drivers: The increase in the incidences of various types of cancer across the world is the major factor anticipating the growth of the market. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, it was estimated that about 49.2% of cancer cases were diagnosed in Asia, 22.4% in Europe, 13.4% in Latin America. 7.8% in Caribbean and others (7.2%) in 2022. Thus, surge in cancer cases has prompted researchers and pharmaceutical companies to focus on developing and advancing cancer drugs to combat this deadly disease. For instance, the introduction of targeted therapies, such as HER2 inhibitors (e.g., trastuzumab) and hormone therapies (e.g., tamoxifen), has revolutionized breast cancer treatment and significantly improved patient outcomes. These drugs specifically target the molecular characteristics of the cancer cells, offering personalized treatment options.

Restraints: The growth of the oncology drug market may be restrained by voluntary product recalls from market players. In recent years, there have been instances where pharmaceutical companies have voluntarily recalled their oncology drugs due to various reasons such as safety concerns, packaging issues, or manufacturing defects. These recalls can have a significant impact on the market as they result in the temporary or permanent withdrawal of the affected drugs from the market. This not only leads to a loss of revenue for the pharmaceutical companies but also affects patient access to potentially life-saving medications. Moreover, voluntary recalls can erode consumer trust in the brand and the overall market. Patients and healthcare providers may become hesitant to prescribe or use oncology drugs from companies that have a history of recalls. This can lead to a decrease in demand for these drugs and ultimately hinder the growth of the oncology drug market.

PFB the list of some voluntary product recalls from market players,

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  November 2023: Bayer AG (Germany) recalled Vitrakvi in the US which is intended for treating neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusion-positive solid tumours. The company recalled this product because the company had detected microbial contamination with Penicillium brevicompactum during routine stability inspections.

  
  


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  August 2023: Baxter International, Inc. (US) voluntarily recalled 13,502 vials of bendamustine HCl injection. This injection is recommended to treat cancers such as lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

  
  

Hence, frequent product recalls are putting the companies at a loss, which further restrains the market growth.