Epidemiology Study - Overview

Obesity Study Objective:

To determine the prevalence and incidence of obesity among individuals in a defined population. The objective of the study is to establish the frequency of obesity within a specific age group and geographic area, while also seeking to understand potential factors contributing to its development. Adjustments can be made based on the study's scope, available data, and specific research questions of interest.

Obesity Study USP:

• This epidemiological study on obesity stands out due to its comprehensive approach in establishing precise prevalence rates, identifying novel risk factors, and exploring geographical variations in a diverse population.

• By integrating advanced imaging techniques with robust statistical analyses, the study aims to provide actionable insights to identify treatment opportunities, target population, and an overview on public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the impact of obesity related health problems.

• Through meticulous data collection and rigorous methodology, the study not only contributes to the scientific understanding of obesity but also serves as a foundation for future research events and healthcare policymaking in addressing this increasing obesity cases.

Obesity related Study Overview:

The study defines obesity as an advanced form of disease. The significance of studying obesity epidemiology is due to its increasing prevalence in different age populations.

Obesity Study Design:

Population: The target population and the sampling method (secondary sources including whitepapers, registries, organisational studies and cross validation through primary interviews)

Data Collection: Detail methods for identifying acne cases (e.g., clinical examination, imaging studies) and demographic data (age, sex, ethnicity).

Obesity Epidemiological Parameters:

Prevalence: Prevalence rates considered per 1,000 or 10,000 population.

Incidence: Determine annual incidence rates per 1,000 person-years.

Risk Factors: Analyse associations between obesity and potential risk factors (e.g., age, smoking, genetics).

Geographical Variations: Compare prevalence or incidence rates across different regions or countries.

Obesity study summary:

Obesity study summarizes the prevalence, incidence, possible risk factors, and geographic variations of the acne worldwide.

Obesity Disease overview:

Obesity is a chronic disease caused due to the accumulation of excess fat in the body which leads to impaired health condition. Obesity is diagnosis depends on Body Mass Index (BMI (kg/m2)). Obesity is defined by BMI greater than or equal to 30. It is major risk factor which leads to development of many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, different types of cancers, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and depression.

Obesity is divided into 3 different classes based on the BMI range, Class 1 Obesity is defined by the BMI range 30 to less than 35, Class 2 Obesity included patients with BMI 35 to less than 40, and Class 3 Obesity is considered as (Severe Obesity) with BMI range 40 or greater.

According to the WHO, 1 person in every 8 people in world was found to be living with obesity in the year 2022, adult obesity rate is doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity rate is quadrupled worldwide. In the year 2022, Over 390 million children and adolescent in age group 5-19 years were found to be overweight and 160 million were found to have obesity Prevalence of overweight was seen varying by region with 31% in the WHO South-East Asia Region and the African Region, to 67% in the Region of the Americas. Half no of children under the age of 5 were seen overweight or suffering with obesity were living in Asia in the yar 2022. Similar rise has occurred among boys and girls: 19 % of girls and 21% of boys were seen to be overweight and 8% of children and adolescent were seen living with obesity (over 160 million young people). It is estimated that by 2030, there will be approximately. 20% of the population obese, and 38% overweight.

There are different treatments such as Bariatric Surgery, Lifestyle Modifications, Anti-Obesity Medications, Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Several key players manufacturing the medications for obesity includes, Novo Nordisk A/S, GlaxoSmithKline plc, VIVUS LLC, Currax Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer, Ingelheim International GmbH, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Gelesis, Eli Lilly and Company.

This review discusses key aspects of the prevalence and incidence of obesity, it also examines factors known to modify risk, including demographic and environmental influences. Understanding the global epidemiology of obesity is essential for effective prevention and management strategies for affected patients.

Obesity Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors:

Age and sex: similar rates of obesity are seen in both men and women, and peak obesity rates are observed in 40-60 age group, but women with less central obesity then men. In both men and women fat mass is at peaks just past middle age, but body fat % continues to increase past this age, this is particularly seen in men because of greater proportion of loss in lean mass (35-37). In women menopause period has been associated with increase in body fat percent and propensity for central (visceral) fat distribution, but total body weight may change very little during this time period.

Women with increase in income were seen with decreased prevalence rates of obesity (from 45.2% to 29.7%), but no difference was seen in obesity prevalence between the lowest (31.5%) and highest (32.6%) income groups among men. In 2022 37 million children at age group 5 and below were seen to be overweight, and 390 million children in adolescent age group 5 to 19 were seen to be overweight. 2.5 billion adults at age 18 age above were overweight including 890 million living with obesity, which corresponds to 43% of adults aged 18 years and above (43% of men and 44% of women) suffering with obesity.

Ethnicity: Prevalence rate of obesity was highest reported in black women, native Americans and Hispanics. Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women were seen having higher obesity rates than white Hispanic women. Similar trend is seen in men but no large difference in races. Asians have low obesity rates but high body fat percentages.

Risk Factors causing obesity: Risk factors which can lead to the obesity includes no physical activity, Unhealthy eating behaviours (more intake of saturated fat, more calories intake than use, eating foods with high sugar content) Not taking good quality sleep enough, huge stress, Genetics, Medicines.

Environmental Factors causing obesity: Studies have shown that abrupt smoking has led to weight gain which can tun into obesity condition. This risk has benefits of abstaining patient from smoking, nicotine patches used to quit smoking reduces the weight.

The concept of “built environment” means the urban design, transportation, land used, other activities. This built environment is influenced by development density of area, aesthetic qualities of buildings to availabilities of the amenities. These factors will influence the obesity incidence directly or indirectly. People living in long walkable neighbourhoods get 70 more minutes of physical activity each week and 2.4 times likely to meet physical activity recommendations then the less walkable neighbourhoods and walkability is associated with lower BMI, in turn low risk of obesity. One of the factors of built in environment such as spent in car is also positively associated with obesity, with each hour additionally spent in car corresponds to increased obesity odds by 6%.

Obesity Market Scope:

Drivers: Increase in worldwide incidence of obesity is one major factor driving the growth of global obesity medications market. Economic and technological advancements are influencing the incidence of obesity in developing societies. This trend is seen in US and western countries for many decades. More productivity in work in advancing economies means more time spent in sedentary work (which involves less manual labour) and time is less spent in leisure activities. More wealth makes people to purchase advanced technologies coming in market including television, cars, processed foods, more work, and more money means less time to cook making people eat more meals outside house all these factors are associated with more incidence rates of obesity in children and adults.

Restraints: potential side effects affect of the anti-obesity drugs the growth of the market, these medications work by usually making the metabolism process of body fast and lowering the appetite of patient which are in turn creating the risk of getting lung and heart problems, high blood pressure, constipation, insomnia any many other.