TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
1.1 MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS 12
1.1.1 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS 13
1.1.2 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 14
1.1.3 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 15
1.1.4 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY REGION 16
2 MARKET INTRODUCTION 17
2.1 DEFINITION 17
2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 17
2.3 MARKET STRUCTURE 18
2.4 KEY IMPLEMENTATION CRITERIA 18
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19
4 MARKET DYNAMICS 26
4.1 INTRODUCTION 26
4.2 DRIVERS 26
4.2.1 INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF HEALTH-CONSCIOUS POPULATION 26
4.2.2 GROWING GERIATRIC POPULATION 27
4.2.3 RISE IN ONLINE SALES 28
4.3 RESTRAINTS 29
4.3.1 HIGH COST 29
4.3.2 REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS 30
4.3.3 LIMITED SHELF LIFE 30
4.4 OPPORTUNITIES 31
4.4.1 TARGETING NICHE MARKETS 31
5 MARKET FACTOR ANALYSIS 32
5.1 SUPPLY/VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 32
5.2 PORTER FIVE FORCES 33
5.2.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS: 33
5.2.2 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS: 33
5.2.3 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS: 34
5.2.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS OR SERVICES: 34
5.2.5 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY: 34
6 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS 35
6.1 INTRODUCTION 35
6.2 VITAMINS 37
6.3 MINERALS 38
6.4 PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS 39
6.5 OTHER INGREDIENTS 40
7 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION 42
7.1 INTRODUCTION 42
7.2 BONE DISORDERS 44
7.3 CARDIAC HEALTH 46
7.4 GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH 47
7.5 SPORTS NUTRITION 48
7.6 WEIGHT MANAGEMENT 49
7.7 SPORTS NUTRITION 50
7.8 OTHER APPLICATIONS (CHILD NUTRITION, LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT, PHYSICAL EXERCISE, AND OTHER APPLICATIONS) 51
8 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL 52
8.1 INTRODUCTION 52
8.2 ONLINE 54
8.3 OFFLINE 54
9 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY REGION 55
9.1 OVERVIEW 55
9.2 NORTH AMERICA 57
9.2.1 U.S. 61
9.2.2 CANADA 62
9.3 EUROPE 63
9.3.1 GERMANY 66
9.3.2 U.K. 67
9.3.3 FRANCE 68
9.3.4 ITALY 69
9.3.5 SPAIN 70
9.3.6 ROE 71
9.4 ASIA-PACIFIC 72
9.4.1 CHINA 75
9.4.2 INDIA 76
9.4.3 JAPAN 77
9.4.4 SOUTH KOREA 78
9.4.5 AUSTRALIA 79
9.4.6 REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC 80
9.5 REST OF THE WORLD 81
9.5.1 REST OF THE WORLD 84
9.5.2 AFRICA 85
9.5.3 LATIN AMERICA 86
10 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 87
10.1 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS 87
10.2 COMPETITOR DASHBOARD 88
11 COMPANY PROFILES 89
11.1 ABBOTT LABORATORIES INC. 89
11.1.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 89
11.1.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 89
11.1.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 90
11.1.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 91
11.1.5 KEY STRATEGIES 91
11.2 NESTLE HEALTH SCIENCE 92
11.2.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 92
11.2.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 92
11.2.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 93
11.2.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 93
11.2.5 KEY STRATEGIES 94
11.3 UNILEVER 95
11.3.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 95
11.3.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 95
11.3.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 96
11.3.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 97
11.3.5 KEY STRATEGIES 97
11.4 HERBALIFE INTERNATIONAL OF AMERICA, INC 99
11.4.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 99
11.4.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 99
11.4.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 100
11.4.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 101
11.4.5 KEY STRATEGIES 101
11.5 DSM NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS AG 103
11.5.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 103
11.5.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 103
11.5.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 104
11.5.4 SWOT ANALYSIS 105
11.5.5 KEY STRATEGIES 105
11.6 GLANBIA PLC 106
11.6.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 106
11.6.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 106
11.6.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 107
11.6.4 KEY STRATEGIES 108
11.7 LIQUID HEALTH 109
11.7.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 109
11.7.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 109
11.7.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 109
11.7.4 KEY STRATEGIES 109
11.8 AMWAY CORPORATION 110
11.8.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 110
11.8.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 110
11.8.3 FINANCIAL OVERVIEW 111
11.8.4 KEY STRATEGIES 111
11.9 BASF SE 112
11.9.1 COMPANY OVERVIEW 112
11.9.2 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 112
11.9.3 KEY STRATEGIES 112
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 35
TABLE 2 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, VITAMINS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 38
TABLE 3 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, MINERALS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 39
TABLE 4 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 40
TABLE 5 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, OTHER INGREDIENTS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 41
TABLE 6 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 42
TABLE 7 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BONE DISORDERS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 45
TABLE 8 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, CARDIAC HEALTH, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 46
TABLE 9 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 48
TABLE 10 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, SPORTS NUTRITION, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 49
TABLE 11 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, WEIGHT MANAGEMENT,, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 50
TABLE 12 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, SPORTS NUTRITION, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 51
TABLE 13 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, OTHER APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 51
TABLE 14 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 52
TABLE 15 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, ONLINE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 54
TABLE 16 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, OFFLINE DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 54
TABLE 17 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY REGION, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 56
TABLE 18 NORTH AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2030 (USD MILLION) 57
TABLE 19 NORTH AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 60
TABLE 20 NORTH AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 60
TABLE 21 NORTH AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 60
TABLE 22 U.S.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 61
TABLE 23 U.S.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 61
TABLE 24 U.S.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 61
TABLE 25 CANADA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 62
TABLE 26 CANADA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 62
TABLE 27 EUROPE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2030 (USD MILLION) 63
TABLE 28 EUROPE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 64
TABLE 29 EUROPE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 65
TABLE 30 EUROPE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 65
TABLE 31 GERMANY: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 66
TABLE 32 GERMANY: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 66
TABLE 33 GERMANY: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 66
TABLE 34 U.K.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 67
TABLE 35 U.K.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 67
TABLE 36 U.K.: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 67
TABLE 37 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 68
TABLE 38 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 68
TABLE 39 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 68
TABLE 40 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 41 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 42 FRANCE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 43 SPAIN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 44 SPAIN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 45 SPAIN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 46 ROE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 71
TABLE 47 ROE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 71
TABLE 48 ROE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 71
TABLE 49 ASIA-PACIFIC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2030 (USD MILLION) 72
TABLE 50 ASIA-PACIFIC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 74
TABLE 51 ASIA-PACIFIC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 74
TABLE 52 ASIA-PACIFIC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 74
TABLE 53 CHINA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 54 CHINA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 55 CHINA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 56 INDIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 57 INDIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 58 INDIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 76
TABLE 59 JAPAN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 60 JAPAN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 61 JAPAN: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 77
TABLE 62 SOUTH KOREA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 63 SOUTH KOREA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 64 SOUTH KOREA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 65 AUSTRALIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 79
TABLE 66 AUSTRALIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 79
TABLE 67 AUSTRALIA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 79
TABLE 68 ROAPAC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 80
TABLE 69 ROAPAC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 80
TABLE 70 ROAPAC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 80
TABLE 71 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019-2030 (USD MILLION) 81
TABLE 72 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 73 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 74 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 75 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 76 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 77 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 78 AFRICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 79 AFRICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 80 AFRICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 81 LATIN AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 86
TABLE 82 LATIN AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATIONS, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 86
TABLE 83 LATIN AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2019โ2030 (USD MILLION) 86
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 MARKET SYNOPSIS 11
FIGURE 2 MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS ANALYSIS: GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 12
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION) 13
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION) 14
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030
(USD MILLION) 15
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS ANALYSIS BY REGION, 2023 16
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET: MARKET STRUCTURE 18
FIGURE 8 KEY BUYING CRITERIA OF LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS REPORT 18
FIGURE 9 BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN APPROACHES 23
FIGURE 10 MARKET DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET 26
FIGURE 11 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY INGREDIENTS, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION) 36
FIGURE 12 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION) 44
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL, 2023 (% SHARE), 2023 VS 2030
(USD MILLION) 53
FIGURE 14 GLOBAL LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY REGION, 2023 (% SHARE) 2023 VS 2030 (USD MILLION) 55
FIGURE 1 NORTH AMERICA: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023 (% SHARE) 58
FIGURE 2 EUROPE: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023 (% SHARE) 64
FIGURE 3 ASIA-PACIFIC: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023 (% SHARE) 72
FIGURE 4 REST OF THE WORLD: LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023 (% SHARE) 81
FIGURE 5 LIQUID DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022, % 87
FIGURE 6 ABBOTT LABORATORIES INC.: SWOT ANALYSIS 91
FIGURE 7 NESTLE HEALTH SCIENCE: SWOT ANALYSIS 93
FIGURE 8 UNILEVER: SWOT ANALYSIS 97
FIGURE 9 HERBALIFE INTERNATIONAL OF AMERICA, INC: SWOT ANALYSIS 101
FIGURE 10 DSM NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS AG: SWOT ANALYSIS 105