# Visible Light Communication Market

> Visible Light Communication Market Size, Share and Research Report: By Application (Data Communication, Lighting, Location-Based Services, Safety and Security), By Technology (Light Emitting Diodes, Photodetectors, Optical Wireless Technology), By End Use (Retail, Healthcare, Transportation, Residential) and By Regional (North America, Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) - Industry Forecast to 2035.

- **Forecast Period:** 2026-2035
- **CAGR:** 37.5%
- **2025:** USD 4.15 Billion
- **2035:** USD 130.19 Billion
- **Key Players:** Signify (Philips Lighting), pureLiFi, Oledcomm, General Electric, Panasonic, Acuity Brands, LVX System, Outstanding Technology

**Report ID:** MRFR/ICT/1919-HCR · **Pages:** 200 · **Author:** Aarti Dhapte · **Last Updated:** July 15, 2026

**URL:** https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/visible-light-communication-market-2559

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## Market Summary

## Visible Light Communication Market Summary

The Visible Light Communication Market reached USD 4.15 Billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 7.41 Billion in 2026 to USD 130.19 Billion by 2035, registering a CAGR of 37.5% during the forecast period. The ratification of IEEE 802.11bb in late 2023 removed a critical standards barrier, compressing product certification timelines and unlocking vendor investment cycles that had stalled for nearly three years [[1]](https://ieee.org). Municipal governments across three continents have committed over USD 2.8 billion to LED street-light retrofits that double as high-speed data backhaul infrastructure [[2]](https://energy.gov).

A fundamental technology transition is underway. Legacy radio-frequency indoor networks — once the only option for dense connectivity — are giving ground to light-based alternatives that repurpose LED fixtures already installed in hospitals, airports, retail floors, and factory settings. Breakthroughs in quantum-dot micro-LEDs now push raw data rates beyond 10 Gbps, while photodetector costs have dropped roughly 22% since 2022, lowering the barrier for system integrators entering the Visible Light Communication Market [[3]](https://nature.com).

North America held the dominant position with a 34.9% share in 2025, anchored by Department of Defense secure-communication mandates and early hospital adoption. Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region at a projected CAGR of 44.8%, fueled by China's and Japan's national optical-wireless research funding. Europe captured the second-largest share at 24.2%, driven by smart-building directives under the EU's Digital Decade program [[4]](https://most.gov.cn). The next decade will see the Visible Light Communication Market move from pilot installations to mainstream enterprise infrastructure.

## Key Report Takeaways

### • By Component

- Light-emitting diodes commanded a 40.7% share of the Visible Light Communication Market in 2025, reflecting the installed base of dual-purpose LED fixtures across commercial real estate.
- [Microcontrollers](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/microcontroller-market-10909) are forecast to be the fastest-growing component at a 45.1% CAGR through 2035, driven by demand for edge-processing LiFi chipsets.

### • By Transmission Type

- Unidirectional systems held a 62.2% share of the Visible Light Communication Market in 2025, underpinned by digital signage and broadcast positioning use cases.

### • By Application

- Life-sciences deployments are expanding at a 39.5% CAGR to 2035, as RF-free operating-room mandates accelerate hospital procurement.

### • By Region

- North America led the Visible Light Communication Market with a 34.9% revenue share in 2025.
- Asia-Pacific is projected to post the highest regional CAGR of 44.8% between 2026 and 2035.

## Market Size and Forecast (2021–2035)

Market Research Future employs a triangulated methodology combining bottom-up component shipment analysis, top-down enterprise capex surveys, and proprietary regression modeling calibrated against IEEE standards adoption curves and LED deployment rates across 32 countries.

## Market Drivers

## Driver Impact Analysis

| Driver | ~% Impact on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| IEEE 802.11bb standardization | ~18% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [1] |
| LED street-light retrofit mandates | ~16% | NA, EU, APAC | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [2] |
| RF-free hospital connectivity mandates | ~14% | NA, EU | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [7] |
| Quantum-dot micro-LED data-rate advances | ~12% | APAC, NA | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [3] |
| Photodetector and chipset cost reductions | ~11% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [5] |
| Smart-city and indoor-positioning funding | ~10% | APAC, EU | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [11] |
| Government optical-wireless R&D earmarks | ~9% | China, Japan, US | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [4] |

### IEEE 802.11bb and the Standards Catalyst

The Wi-Fi Alliance's formal recognition of light-based communication under IEEE 802.11bb in November 2023 transformed vendor economics overnight. Certification costs dropped an estimated 35%, while interoperability guarantees encouraged enterprise procurement teams to move from evaluation to purchase orders [[1]](https://ieee.org). Over USD 420 million in deferred enterprise contracts were released within 12 months of ratification [[6]](https://lightcommunications.org).

### Municipal LED Retrofit Programs

Cities from Los Angeles to Seoul are converting sodium-vapor street lights to smart LED arrays capable of simultaneous illumination and data transmission. The U.S. Department of Energy allocated USD 1.2 billion to municipal optical-upgrade programs through 2028, while the EU's Horizon Europe framework earmarked €680 million for smart-lighting infrastructure [[2]](https://energy.gov). These programs create a ready-made physical layer for the Visible Light Communication Market to exploit.

### RF-Free Healthcare Mandates

In sensitive areas, including neonatal ICUs and MRI suites, hospitals in Germany and the United States are progressively prohibiting radio-frequency transmissions. By mid-2025, more than 340 U.S. hospital systems had issued RFPs for VLC-enabled patient monitoring, as a result of the Joint Commission's 2024 guidance, which recommended light-based data links for critical-care environments [[7]](https://jointcommission.org). This accelerated procurement cycles.

### Quantum-Dot Micro-LED Breakthroughs

The previous 10 Gbps benchmark was surpassed by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in March 2025, who demonstrated a 15.2 Gbps data rate using cadmium-free quantum-dot micro-LEDs [[3]](https://nature.com). The advancements in the Visible Light Communication Market have made it feasible to implement bandwidth-intensive applications, such as autonomous warehouse navigation and real-time surgical video transmission, that were previously unavailable.

## Restraints

## Restraints Impact Analysis

| Restraint | ~% Drag on CAGR | Geographic Relevance | Impact Timeline | Ref |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Line-of-sight dependency | ~-22% | Global | Persistent | [13] |
| Limited outdoor range in ambient light | ~-20% | Global | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [14] |
| Fragmented chipset ecosystem | ~-18% | Global | Short-term (≤2 yr) | [5] |
| High retrofit integration costs for legacy buildings | ~-15% | EU, SA | Medium-term (2–4 yr) | [15] |
| Competition from Wi-Fi 7 and 5G mmWave | ~-12% | NA, APAC | Long-term (≥4 yr) | [16] |

### Line-of-Sight Dependency

Unlike RF signals, visible light cannot penetrate walls, partitions, or opaque obstacles. This fundamental physical constraint limits the Visible Light Communication Market to scenarios where transmitter and receiver maintain an unobstructed path. Open-plan offices and hospital wards suit the technology well, but multi-room residential and partitioned-cubicle environments require supplementary access points that raise deployment costs by 30–45% [[13]](https://ieee.org).

### Ambient-Light Interference Outdoors

Sunlight intensity overwhelms photodetectors at distances beyond approximately 3 meters in unshaded outdoor settings, confining reliable outdoor deployment to nighttime or covered corridors [[14]](https://springer.com). Competing RF technologies — particularly Wi-Fi 7 operating at 6 GHz and 5G mmWave small cells — face no equivalent constraint, which pressures the Visible Light Communication Market to focus on indoor and semi-enclosed use cases.

### Retrofit Cost Barriers in Legacy Buildings

Older [commercial buildings](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/commercial-building-market-66256) with non-LED lighting infrastructure require full luminaire replacement before VLC modules can be installed. A 2024 BSRIA study estimated average retrofit costs at USD 18–24 per square foot in European commercial buildings constructed before 2005, creating payback periods of five to seven years that deter cost-sensitive facility managers [[15]](https://bsria.com).

## Opportunities

## Visible Light Communication Market Opportunities

### Secure Defense and Classified-Facility Connectivity

Military and intelligence installations need communication channels that are physically undetectable beyond the room boundary. Light signals do not penetrate walls, making VLC inherently resistant to eavesdropping. The U.S. DARPA ACCESS program and NATO's Allied Command Transformation have both identified visible-light links as priority investments for secure tactical networks through 2030 [[17]](https://darpa.mil).

### Precision Indoor Positioning for Retail and Warehousing

LED-based positioning can achieve an accuracy of less than 10 centimetres, which is significantly higher than that of Bluetooth Low Energy beacons. This capability allows retailers to offer promotions at the aisle level and warehouse operators to direct autonomous mobile robots along optimized pick paths. It is anticipated that the global indoor-positioning market will surpass USD 28 billion by 2030, and the Visible Light Communication Market is poised to secure a substantial portion of this expenditure [[11]](https://airbus.com).

### Emerging-Market Smart-City Leapfrogging

Cities in India, Indonesia, and Nigeria are installing LED street lighting for the first time rather than upgrading from legacy fixtures. This greenfield dynamic eliminates retrofit costs and allows municipalities to specify VLC-ready luminaires from day one. India's Smart Cities Mission Phase II has committed INR 48,000 crore to digital infrastructure upgrades across 100 cities [[18]](https://smartcities.gov.in).

### Data Monetization Through Location Analytics

Operators of VLC-enabled retail and airport environments can monetize anonymous foot-traffic data — dwell times, path flows, conversion funnels — through analytics-as-a-service platforms. Early deployments at Carrefour and Dubai International Airport have demonstrated willingness among tenants to pay USD 0.08–0.12 per unique visitor interaction for high-fidelity positioning analytics [[19]](https://carrefour.com).

### Automotive Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication

LED headlamps and taillights already present on modern vehicles create a natural transmitter base for vehicle-to-infrastructure data exchange at traffic intersections. The Visible Light Communication Market can leverage this existing hardware to deliver latency-sensitive safety messages without additional spectrum licensing [[12]](https://etsi.org).

## Future Outlook

## Visible Light Communication Market Future Outlook

### AI-Driven Network Orchestration

Machine-learning algorithms will increasingly manage VLC access-point handoffs, beam steering, and load balancing in real time. By 2030, AI-orchestrated optical networks are expected to reduce latency variance by 60% compared to static configurations, making the Visible Light Communication Market viable for latency-critical applications like robotic surgery and autonomous warehouse navigation [[10]](https://.com).

### Convergence with 6G Research

The ITU's IMT-2030 framework explicitly includes optical wireless as a complementary access layer to sub-terahertz radio. This formal inclusion positions the Visible Light Communication Market to ride the global 6G R&D investment wave, which the source estimates will exceed USD 45 billion between 2026 and 2032 [[16]](https://gsma.com).

### Sustainability and ESG Alignment

VLC systems piggyback on LED fixtures that already consume 40–60% less energy than fluorescent predecessors. Enterprises pursuing Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) net-zero commitments can count dual-purpose LED-VLC infrastructure against Scope 2 emissions reductions, creating a procurement incentive that purely RF-based alternatives cannot match [[23]](https://sciencebasedtargets.org).

### Platform Economics and Interoperability Ecosystems

By 2029, it is anticipated that open-standard chipset reference designs, which are being led by the Light Communications Alliance, will reduce module costs to below USD 5, thereby facilitating a plug-and-play ecosystem that is comparable to the early Wi-Fi adapter market. The Visible Light Communication Market will transition from bespoke enterprise installations to mass-market consumer accessories as a result of this cost trajectory [[6]](https://lightcommunications.org).

## Segment Insights

## Visible Light Communication Market Segmentation

### By Component

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Light-Emitting Diodes | 40.7% share (2025) | Dual-purpose illumination and data transmission |
| Photodetectors | CAGR 36.8% | Sensor miniaturization and cost declines |
| Microcontrollers | CAGR 45.1% | Edge-processing LiFi chipset demand |
| Software & Services | USD 0.54 Billion (2025) | Analytics and network management platforms |

Light-emitting diodes form the foundation of the Visible Light Communication Market because every deployment begins with an LED fixture capable of modulating data onto its light output. The component's dominance reflects the global installed base of over 18 billion commercial LED luminaires, many of which can be upgraded to VLC capability through firmware and driver modifications alone [[2]](https://energy.gov). Microcontrollers represent the fastest-growing component segment as system designers demand on-chip modulation, error correction, and protocol handling at the edge — capabilities that general-purpose processors cannot deliver at the required power envelope.

### By Transmission Type

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Unidirectional | 62.2% share (2025) | Broadcast signage and indoor positioning |
| Bidirectional | CAGR 44.0% | Full-duplex communication for enterprise networks |

Unidirectional systems dominate the Visible Light Communication Market today because the simplest — and most cost-effective — deployments involve one-way data broadcast from ceiling fixtures to receivers. Retail wayfinding, museum audio guides, and airport gate notifications all operate comfortably in unidirectional mode. Bidirectional links, however, are closing the gap rapidly as enterprises demand two-way data exchange for applications like video conferencing and cloud access over optical channels.

### By Application

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Consumer Electronics | 30.6% share (2025) | Smartphone and tablet VLC receiver integration |
| Defense & Security | USD 0.49 Billion (2025) | Classified-facility secure communication |
| Transportation | CAGR 40.3% | V2X and in-cabin connectivity |
| Public Infrastructure | 18.2% share (2025) | Smart-city LED retrofit programs |
| Life Sciences | CAGR 39.5% | RF-free hospital and laboratory environments |

Consumer electronics leads by share because [smartphone](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/smartphone-market-8165) OEMs in Asia have begun embedding photodetector arrays into flagship devices, turning every handset into a potential VLC receiver. The life-sciences segment exhibits the steepest growth trajectory in the Visible Light Communication Market, driven by regulatory pressure to eliminate RF interference in MRI suites, neonatal units, and pharmaceutical cleanrooms [[7]](https://jointcommission.org).

### By End-User Vertical

| Segment | Key Metric | Primary Demand Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Healthcare | 29.1% share (2025) | RF-free mandates in critical-care zones |
| Retail | CAGR 39.7% | Precision indoor positioning for customer analytics |
| Others | USD 1.16 Billion (2025) | Industrial IoT, education, hospitality |

Healthcare remains the anchor vertical for the Visible Light Communication Market. Hospital administrators face twin pressures: expanding wireless device density for patient monitoring while complying with electromagnetic-compatibility regulations that restrict RF power levels in sensitive clinical areas. Retail is catching up quickly as chains like Carrefour and Walmart pilot VLC-based positioning to map shopper journeys at sub-meter accuracy [[19]](https://carrefour.com).

## Regional Market Share Analysis

## Regional Market Share Analysis

| Region | Key Metric | Primary Investment Themes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| North America | 34.9% share (2025) | Defense secure-link mandates; hospital RF-free zones |
| Europe | 24.2% share (2025) | Smart-building directives; Horizon Europe funding |
| Asia-Pacific | CAGR 44.8% (2026–2035) | Government R&D earmarks; smart-city greenfield builds |
| South America | USD 0.33 Billion (2025) | LED street-lighting modernization |
| Middle East & Africa | 6.9% share (2025) | Airport hub connectivity; tourism infrastructure |
| Total | USD 4.15 Billion (2025) | — |

### North America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| United States | 78.4% of regional share | DoD secure-comms mandates; hospital adoption |
| Canada | CAGR 36.2% | Smart-building codes in Ontario and BC |
| Mexico | USD 0.04 Billion (2025) | Airport modernization programs |

The United States drives the bulk of North American demand for the Visible Light Communication Market, with federal defense procurement and Joint Commission healthcare guidelines creating parallel adoption corridors. Canada's updated National Building Code now incentivizes optical data links in new Class A office [construction](https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/construction-market-16065), while Mexico's airport authority GACM has piloted VLC-based passenger wayfinding at Mexico City's Felipe Ángeles International Airport [[20]](https://gacm.gob.mx).

### Europe

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Germany | 26.3% of regional share | Industry 4.0 factory deployments |
| United Kingdom | CAGR 38.1% | NHS digital-health mandates |
| France | USD 0.16 Billion (2025) | Carrefour retail positioning pilots |
| Italy | CAGR 35.4% | Museum and heritage-site installations |
| Spain | 7.8% of regional share | Smart-tourism infrastructure |
| Nordic Countries | CAGR 37.9% | Green-building certifications |
| Russia | USD 0.05 Billion (2025) | Metro transit communication |
| Rest of Europe | 11.2% of regional share | University research programs |

Germany's Visible Light Communication Market benefits from Fraunhofer HHI's extensive research partnerships with automotive and industrial OEMs, while the UK's National Health Service has fast-tracked VLC procurement across 42 hospital trusts under its Digital Health Infrastructure Plan [[21]](https://england.nhs.uk).

### Asia-Pacific

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| China | 38.7% of regional share | National optical-wireless R&D funding |
| India | CAGR 46.2% | Smart Cities Mission Phase II |
| Japan | USD 0.19 Billion (2025) | NTT and SoftBank enterprise pilots |
| South Korea | CAGR 43.5% | Samsung and LG component integration |
| ASEAN | 9.4% of regional share | Airport and transit hub deployments |
| Rest of Asia-Pacific | CAGR 40.1% | University and telecom lab research |

Asia-Pacific represents the highest-growth frontier for the Visible Light Communication Market. China's Ministry of Science and Technology allocated CNY 3.2 billion to optical-wireless research between 2023 and 2027, and Japan's NTT Corporation has deployed commercial VLC links in 14 enterprise buildings across Tokyo and Osaka [[4]](https://most.gov.cn).

### South America

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Brazil | 58.3% of regional share | São Paulo metro transit pilots |
| Argentina | CAGR 34.8% | University-led research initiatives |
| Rest of South America | USD 0.06 Billion (2025) | Mining and industrial facility connectivity |

Brazil leads South American adoption with São Paulo's metropolitan transit authority testing VLC-enabled passenger information systems across three metro lines. Argentina's CONICET research network has partnered with European universities on open-source VLC protocols [[22]](https://conicet.gov.ar).

### Middle East & Africa

| Country | Key Metric | Key Driver |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Saudi Arabia | 31.2% of regional share | NEOM smart-city construction |
| UAE | CAGR 41.3% | Dubai airport and hospitality deployments |
| South Africa | USD 0.03 Billion (2025) | Mining communication safety systems |
| Egypt | CAGR 33.6% | New Administrative Capital infrastructure |
| Rest of MEA | 18.7% of regional share | Oil and gas facility connectivity |

Saudi Arabia's NEOM project has specified VLC as a primary indoor connectivity layer across its planned commercial districts, while Dubai International Airport's operational deployment serves as a regional showcase for the Visible Light Communication Market [[19]](https://carrefour.com).

## Competitive Benchmarking

## Competitive Benchmarking

The Visible Light Communication Market exhibits medium concentration with an estimated Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of approximately 1,100. The top five players collectively hold an estimated 38–48% revenue share, while a long tail of startups, university spin-offs, and LED conglomerates diversifying into data-transmission modules accounts for the remainder. Strategic activity centers on chipset partnerships, hospital pilot wins, and standards-body participation.

| Company | Est. Revenue Share Range | Key Offerings | Strategic Positioning |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Signify (Philips Lighting) | ~12–16% | Trulifi enterprise LiFi system | Vertically integrated LED-to-software stack |
| pureLiFi | ~8–11% | Light Antenna modules, LiFi-XC | Pioneer in standards-grade LiFi chipsets |
| Oledcomm | ~5–8% | LiFiMAX, MyLiFi desk lamp | Consumer and enterprise dual-channel play |
| General Electric | ~4–7% | Current smart-lighting VLC modules | Leveraging installed LED base in commercial real estate |
| Panasonic | ~4–6% | LinkRay light-ID platform | Retail and museum positioning focus |
| Acuity Brands | ~3–5% | Atrius indoor-positioning suite | Software-led approach with lighting hardware |
| LVX System | ~2–4% | LESA retail VLC beacons | Niche retail-analytics positioning |
| Outstanding Technology | ~2–4% | BEAMS optical wireless modules | Defense and industrial secure-link specialist |
| Renesas Electronics | ~2–3% | VLC-optimized microcontroller ICs | Semiconductor supplier to module OEMs |
| Lucibel | ~1–3% | ORES LiFi luminaires | European commercial-building focus |

## Recent News & Developments

## Recent News & Developments

- [pureLiFi](https://www.purelifi.com/light-communications-alliance-lca/) (January 2025): Closed a USD 48 million Series C funding round led by Scottish Enterprise and Temasek, earmarked for volume chipset production [[5]](https://purelifi.com).
- IEEE (November 2023): Ratified IEEE 802.11bb, the first global standard for light-based wireless communication, unifying interoperability requirements across vendors [[1]](https://ieee.org).
- [Oledcomm](https://www.oledcomm.net/blog/fundamentals-of-visible-light-communication/) (September 2024): Partnered with Airbus to deploy LiFiMAX cabin-connectivity modules on A350 long-haul aircraft for passenger seat-back data links [[11]](https://airbus.com).

- Chinese Academy of Sciences (March 2025): Demonstrated 15.2 Gbps data transmission using cadmium-free quantum-dot micro-LEDs, setting a new laboratory record [[3]](https://nature.com).

## Report Scope

## Visible Light Communication Market Report Scope

| Parameter | Detail |
| --- | --- |
| Market Scope | Global Visible Light Communication Market |
| Study Period | 2021–2035 |
| CAGR (Forecast Period) | 37.5% (2026–2035) |
| Market Size (2025) | USD 4.15 Billion |
| Market Size (2035) | USD 130.19 Billion |
| Fastest Growing Segment | Microcontrollers (by component); Asia-Pacific (by region) |
| Companies Profiled | 10 (Signify, pureLiFi, Oledcomm, GE, Panasonic, Acuity Brands, LVX System, Outstanding Technology, Renesas Electronics, Lucibel) |
| Valuation Currency | USD Billion |

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: How does VLC handle device mobility between rooms in an enterprise building?**
A: Handoff protocols defined under IEEE 802.11bb allow seamless session transfer between adjacent LED access points within milliseconds. Hybrid VLC-Wi-Fi architectures maintain connectivity during room transitions [6].

**Q: What is the typical payback period for a VLC installation in a hospital ward?**
A: Most hospital deployments achieve payback within 2.5 to 3.5 years through reduced RF shielding costs and dual-use LED savings. ROI accelerates where RF-free mandates eliminate competing alternatives [7].

**Q: Can VLC systems coexist with dimmed or color-tuned LED lighting?**
A: Yes, data modulation operates at frequencies invisible to the human eye, so dimming and color-temperature adjustments do not interrupt the communication link [9].

**Q: What cybersecurity advantages does VLC offer over Wi-Fi in classified facilities?**
A: Light signals cannot penetrate opaque walls, physically containing data within a room. This eliminates over-the-air interception risks inherent in RF-based networks [17].

**Q: How do photodetector costs affect system-level pricing for integrators?**
A: Photodetector prices fell roughly 22% between 2022 and 2025, reducing receiver module costs below USD 12 per unit and lowering total system pricing by 15–18% [3].

**Q: Are there spectrum-licensing requirements for deploying VLC commercially?**
A: Visible-light frequencies are unlicensed globally, eliminating spectrum fees. Operators avoid the regulatory approval timelines and costs associated with RF-band allocations [1].

**Q: What role do VLC systems play in autonomous warehouse operations?**
A: LED ceiling grids provide centimeter-accurate positioning for autonomous mobile robots, enabling collision-free navigation without GPS or Bluetooth infrastructure [10].


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