• Cat-intel
  • MedIntelliX
  • Resources
  • About Us
  • Hero Background
    English
    Chinese
    French
    Japanese
    Korean
    German
    Spanish

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Trends

    ID: MRFR/HC/5672-HCR
    90 Pages
    Kinjoll Dey
    October 2025

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Research Report Information by Diagnosis (Physical Exam, Contrast Tests, Blue Dye Test, Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan) By Treatment (Medications, Surgery) By End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Centers) - Forecast Till 2035

    Share:
    Download PDF ×

    We do not share your information with anyone. However, we may send you emails based on your report interest from time to time. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Infographic
    $ 4,950.0
    $ 5,950.0
    $ 7,250.0

    Market Trends

    Key Emerging Trends in the Rectovaginal Fistula Market

    Market Trends of Rectovaginal Fistula Market

    • Growing Prevalence : The incidence of rectovaginal fistulas (RVFs) is increasing, driven by factors such as rising cases of obstetric complications, pelvic surgeries, and inflammatory bowel diseases. This growing prevalence is spurring demand for specialized medical devices and treatments, expanding the market.

    • Advancements in Surgical Techniques : Innovations in surgical methods, including minimally invasive procedures and improved suturing techniques, are enhancing treatment outcomes for RVFs. These advancements contribute to market growth by offering patients less invasive options and quicker recovery times.

    • Development of New Technologies : The market is witnessing significant developments in technology, including the introduction of advanced imaging techniques and new surgical tools. Innovations such as robotic-assisted surgery and novel biomaterials for repair are driving growth by improving precision and patient outcomes.

    • Increasing Awareness and Diagnosis : There is a growing awareness among healthcare providers and patients about RVFs, leading to increased diagnosis and treatment. Enhanced diagnostic tools and better awareness campaigns are contributing to more accurate identification and management of RVFs.

    • Rising Demand for Customized Solutions : Patients and healthcare providers are seeking more tailored treatment options. The demand for customized surgical solutions, personalized care plans, and specific biomaterials for fistula repair is driving growth in the market.

    • Expansion of Healthcare Infrastructure : The development of healthcare infrastructure, particularly in emerging markets, is facilitating access to advanced treatments for RVFs. Improved facilities and better access to specialized care are contributing to the market's expansion in these regions.

    • Regulatory Approvals and Guidelines : Regulatory agencies are increasingly approving new treatments and devices for RVFs. The establishment of clear guidelines and standards for treatment is promoting market growth by ensuring safety and efficacy in available solutions.

    • Focus on Research and Development : Companies are investing heavily in research and development to innovate and improve treatments for RVFs. This focus on R&D is driving market growth by bringing new and effective solutions to the forefront.

    • Collaborations and Partnerships : The market is experiencing a rise in collaborations between medical device manufacturers, healthcare providers, and research institutions. These partnerships are fostering innovation and expanding the availability of advanced treatment options for RVFs.

    • Growing Geriatric Population : The increasing elderly population is contributing to the rise in RVF cases due to higher incidences of conditions that can lead to fistulas. This demographic shift is driving demand for specialized treatments and contributing to market growth.

    • Patient-Centric Approaches : There is a shift towards patient-centric approaches in the management of RVFs. Emphasis on improving patient quality of life, reducing recovery times, and providing comprehensive care plans is shaping market trends and fostering growth.

    These trends collectively highlight the evolving landscape of the rectovaginal fistula market, driven by technological advancements, increased awareness, and a focus on patient-centered care.

    Market Summary

    As per Market Research Future Analysis, the Rectovaginal Fistula Market was valued at USD 0.78 Billion in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 1.39 Billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 5.81% from 2024 to 2032. The market is driven by the increasing prevalence of pelvic cancer and Crohn's disease, alongside the growing adoption of personalized medicine and advancements in diagnostic methods. However, the high cost of surgery may hinder market growth. The market is segmented by diagnosis, treatment, and end user, with key players including Cook Medical, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, and Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.

    Key Market Trends & Highlights

    The Rectovaginal Fistula Market is characterized by significant growth and evolving treatment options.

    • Market Size in 2023: USD 0.78 Billion
    • Projected Market Size by 2032: USD 1.39 Billion
    • CAGR from 2024 to 2032: 5.81%
    • Major driving factors include increasing prevalence of pelvic cancer and Crohn's disease.

    Market Size & Forecast

    2023 Market Size USD 0.78 Billion
    2024 Projected Market Size USD 0.84 Billion
    2032 Projected Market Size USD 1.39 Billion
    CAGR (2024-2032) 5.81%

    Major Players

    Cook Medical, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Johnson & Johnson Services Inc., Pfizer Inc., Allergan, AbbVie Inc, Novartis International AG, Bayer AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Sanofi S.A.

    Market Trends

    The increasing awareness and advocacy for women's health issues appear to be driving a gradual rise in the demand for effective treatment options for rectovaginal fistula, highlighting the need for enhanced healthcare services and support systems.

    World Health Organization

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Market Drivers

    Market Growth Projections

    Government Support and Funding

    Government initiatives aimed at improving maternal health and addressing obstetric fistulas are significant drivers for the Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Industry. Many governments are implementing policies and allocating funds to enhance healthcare infrastructure, particularly in developing regions. These efforts include training healthcare professionals and providing resources for surgical interventions. Such support not only facilitates better access to care but also encourages research and development in treatment options. As a result, the market is likely to experience growth as these initiatives take effect, addressing the needs of affected populations.

    Emerging Technologies in Treatment

    The integration of emerging technologies in the treatment of rectovaginal fistulas is influencing the Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Industry. Innovations such as telemedicine and artificial intelligence are enhancing patient care and follow-up processes. Telemedicine allows for remote consultations, which can be particularly beneficial in underserved areas where access to specialists is limited. Additionally, AI-driven diagnostic tools may improve the accuracy of identifying fistulas and tailoring treatment plans. As these technologies become more prevalent, they are expected to drive market growth by improving patient outcomes and expanding access to care.

    Advancements in Surgical Techniques

    Innovations in surgical methodologies are transforming the treatment landscape for rectovaginal fistulas, thereby propelling the Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Industry. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic surgery, have shown promising results in terms of recovery time and patient outcomes. These advancements not only enhance the efficacy of treatments but also reduce the overall healthcare burden. As surgical techniques continue to evolve, healthcare providers are likely to adopt these methods, contributing to market growth. The anticipated compound annual growth rate of 6.31% from 2025 to 2035 reflects the potential impact of these advancements on the market.

    Rising Awareness and Education Initiatives

    Increased awareness and educational initiatives surrounding rectovaginal fistulas are crucial drivers for the Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Industry. Non-governmental organizations and healthcare providers are actively working to educate communities about the condition, its causes, and available treatments. This heightened awareness is essential in reducing stigma and encouraging affected individuals to seek medical assistance. As more patients become informed about their options, the demand for surgical interventions and treatments is likely to rise. This trend is expected to contribute to the market's growth trajectory, with projections indicating a market size of 1.65 USD Billion by 2035.

    Increasing Prevalence of Rectovaginal Fistula

    The rising incidence of rectovaginal fistula cases globally is a primary driver for the Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Industry. Factors contributing to this increase include obstetric complications, surgical interventions, and trauma. For instance, in regions with limited access to healthcare, such as parts of Africa and Asia, the prevalence rates are notably higher. This trend indicates a growing need for effective treatment options and surgical interventions, thereby expanding the market. As awareness increases, the market is projected to reach 0.84 USD Billion in 2024, with expectations to grow significantly in the coming years.

    Market Segment Insights

    Regional Insights

    Key Companies in the Rectovaginal Fistula Market market include

    Industry Developments

    Future Outlook

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Future Outlook

    The Rectovaginal Fistula Market is projected to grow at a 6.31% CAGR from 2024 to 2035, driven by advancements in surgical techniques, increasing awareness, and enhanced healthcare access.

    New opportunities lie in:

    • Develop innovative minimally invasive surgical techniques to improve patient outcomes.
    • Invest in telemedicine solutions for remote consultations and follow-up care.
    • Create targeted awareness campaigns to educate communities about rectovaginal fistula prevention and treatment.

    By 2035, the Rectovaginal Fistula Market is expected to demonstrate robust growth and enhanced treatment options.

    Market Segmentation

    Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Segmentation

    Market of Rectovaginal Fistula, by Region
    • Americas
    • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Latin America
    • Europe
    • Western Europe
    • Germany
    • France
    • Italy
    • Spain
    • UK
    • Rest of Western Europe
    • Eastern Europe
    • Asia-Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
    • The Middle East & Africa
    • Middle East
    • Africa
    Market of Rectovaginal Fistula, by End User
    • Hospitals & Clinics
    • Diagnostic Centers
    • Academic Institutions and Research Organizations
    • Others
    Market of Rectovaginal Fistula, by Diagnosis
    • Physical Exam
    • Contrast Tests
    • Blue Dye Test
    • Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Anorectal Ultrasound
    • Anorectal Manometry
    • Others
    Market of Rectovaginal Fistula, by Treatment
    • Medications
    • Antibiotics
    • Infliximab
    • Surgery
    • Sewing an Anal Fistula Plug or Patch of Biologic Tissue into the Fistula
    • Using a Tissue Graft
    • Repairing the Anal Sphincter Muscles
    • Performing a Colostomy before Repairing a Fistula in Complex or Recurrent Cases
    Market of Rectovaginal Fistula, by Key Players
    • Cook Medical
    • Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
    • Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.
    • Pfizer Inc.
    • Allergan
    • AbbVie Inc
    • Novartis International AG
    • Bayer AG
    • Bristol-Myers Squibb
    • Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
    • Hoffmann-La Roche
    • Eli Lilly and Company
    • GlaxoSmithKline plc
    • Sanofi S.A
    • Others

    Report Scope

    Report Attribute/Metric Details
      Market Size 2023   USD 0.78 Billion
      Market Size 2024   USD 0.84  Billion
      Market Size 2032   USD 1.39 Billion
    CAGR 5.81% (2024-2032)
    Base Year   2023
    Forecast Period   2024-2032
    Historical Data   2022
    Forecast Units   Value (USD Billion)
    Report Coverage Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
    Segments Covered Types, end user, Region
    Geographies Covered America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa
    Key Vendors Cook Medical, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Johnson & Johnson Services Inc., Pfizer Inc., Allergan, AbbVie Inc, Novartis International AG, Bayer AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Sanofi S.A

    Market Highlights

    Author

    Kinjoll Dey
    Research Analyst Level I

    She holds an experience of about 6+ years in market research and business consulting, working under the spectrum of information communication technology, telecommunications and semiconductor domains. aarti conceptualizes and implements a scalable business strategy and provides strategic leadership to the clients. her expertise lies in market estimation, competitive intelligence, pipeline analysis, customer assessment, etc.

    Leave a Comment

    Latest Comments

    John Doe
    john@example.com

    This is a great article! Really helped me understand the topic better.

    Posted on July 23, 2025, 10:15 AM
    Jane Smith
    jane@domain.com

    Thanks for sharing this. I’ve bookmarked it for later reference.

    Posted on July 22, 2025, 7:45 PM

    FAQs

    1. Table of Contents:
    2. Chapter 1. Report Prologue
    3. Chapter 2. Market Introduction
      1. Definition
      2. Scope of the Study
        1. Research Objective
        2. Assumptions
        3. Limitations
    4. Chapter 3. Research Methodology
      1. Introduction
      2. Primary Research
      3. Secondary Research
      4. Market Size Estimation
    5. Chapter 4. Market Dynamics
      1. Drivers
      2. Restraints
      3. Opportunities
      4. Challenges
      5. Macroeconomic Indicators
      6. Treatment Trends & Assessment
    6. Chapter 5. Market Factor Analysis
      1. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
        1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
        2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
        3. Threat of New Entrants
        4. Threat of Substitutes
        5. Intensity of Rivalry
      2. Value Chain Analysis
      3. Investment Feasibility Analysis
      4. Pricing Analysis
    7. Chapter 6. Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis
      1. Introduction
      2. Physical Exam
    8. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
    9. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Contrast Tests
    10. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
    11. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Blue Dye Test
    12. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
    13. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan
      2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    14. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Anorectal Ultrasound
    15. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
    16. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Anorectal Manometry
    17. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
      1. Others
    18. Chapter 7. Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment
      1. Introduction
      2. Medications
        1. Antibiotics
        2. Infliximab
      3. Surgery
        1. Sewing an Anal Fistula Plug or Patch of Biologic Tissue into the Fistula
        2. Using a Tissue Graft
        3. Repairing the Anal Sphincter Muscles
    19. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2020-2027
      1. Performing a Colostomy before Repairing a Fistula in Complex or Recurrent Cases
    20. Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2020-2027
    21. Chapter 8. Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User
      1. Introduction
      2. Hospitals & Clinics
      3. Diagnostic Centers
      4. Academic Institutions and Research Organizations
      5. Others
    22. Chapter 9. Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Region
      1. Introduction
      2. Americas
        1. North America
        2. South America
      3. Europe
        1. Western Europe
        2. Eastern Europe
      4. Asia-Pacific
        1. Japan
        2. China
        3. India
        4. Australia
        5. South Korea
        6. Rest of Asia-Pacific
      5. Middle East & Africa
        1. Middle East
        2. Africa
    23. Chapter 10. Company Landscape
      1. Introduction
      2. Market Share Analysis
      3. Key Development & Strategies
    24. Chapter 11. Company Profiles
      1. Cook Medical
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financials Overview
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      2. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      3. Johnson & Johnson Services Inc..
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Key Development
        5. SWOT Analysis
      4. Pfizer Inc.
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Key Development
        5. SWOT Analysis
      5. Allergan
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial overview
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      6. AbbVie Inc
        1. Company Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      7. Novartis International AG.
        1. Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financial Overview
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      8. Bayer AG
        1. Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financials
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      9. Bristol-Myers Squibb
        1. Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financials
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      10. Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
        1. Overview
        2. Diagnosis Overview
        3. Financials
        4. Key Developments
        5. SWOT Analysis
      11. Others
    25. Chapter 12 MRFR Conclusion
      1. Key Findings
        1. From CEO’s View point
        2. Unmet Needs of the Market
      2. Key Companies to Watch
      3. Predictions for the Rectovaginal Fistula Industry
    26. Chapter 13. Appendix
    27. List of Tables and Figures
      1. LIST OF TABLES
      2. Table 1 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Synopsis, 2020-2027
      3. Table 2 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Estimates and Forecast, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      4. Table 3 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Region, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      5. Table 4 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      6. Table 5 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027(USD Million)
      7. Table 6 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      8. Table 7 North America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      9. Table 8 North America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      10. Table 9 North America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      11. Table 10 US: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      12. Table 11 US: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      13. Table 12 US: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      14. Table 13 Canada: Rectovaginal Fistula Market,by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      15. Table 14 Canada: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      16. Table 15 Canada: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      17. Table 16 South America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      18. Table 17 South America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      19. Table 18 South America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      20. Table 19 Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      21. Table 20 Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      22. Table 21 Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      23. Table 22 Western Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      24. Table 23 Western Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      25. Table 24 Western Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      26. Table 25 Eastern Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      27. Table 26 Eastern Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      28. Table 27 Eastern Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027(USD Million)
      29. Table 28 Asia-Pacific: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      30. Table 29 Asia-Pacific: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Treatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      31. Table 30 Asia-Pacific: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      32. Table 31 Middle East & Africa: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by Diagnosis, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      33. Table 32 Middle East & Africa: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, byTreatment, 2020-2027 (USD Million)
      34. Table 33 Middle East & Africa: Rectovaginal Fistula Market, by End User, 2020-2027 (USD Million)   LIST OF FIGURES
      35. Figure 1 Research Process
      36. Figure 2 Segmentation for Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market
      37. Figure 3 Segmentation Market Dynamics for Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market
      38. Figure 4 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Diagnosis, 2020
      39. Figure 5 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Treatment, 2020
      40. Figure 6 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by End User, 2020
      41. Figure 7 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Region, 2020
      42. Figure 8 North America: Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Country, 2020
      43. Figure 9 Europe: Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Country, 2020
      44. Figure 10 Asia-Pacific: Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Country, 2020
      45. Figure 11 Middle East & Africa: Rectovaginal Fistula Market Share, by Country, 2020
      46. Figure 12 Global Rectovaginal Fistula Market: Company Share Analysis, 2020 (%)
      47. Figure 13 Cook Medical : Key Financials
      48. Figure 14 Cook Medical : Segmental Revenue
      49. Figure 15 Cook Medical : Geographical Revenue
      50. Figure 16 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company : Key Financials
      51. Figure 17 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company : Segmental Revenue
      52. Figure 18 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company : Geographical Revenue
      53. Figure 19 Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.. : Key Financials
      54. Figure 20 Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.. : Segmental Revenue
      55. Figure 21 Johnson & Johnson Services Inc.. : Geographical Revenue
      56. Figure 22 Pfizer Inc. : Key Financials
      57. Figure 23 Pfizer Inc. : Segmental Revenue
      58. Figure 24 Pfizer Inc. : Geographical Revenue
      59. Figure 25 Allergan. : Key Financials
      60. Figure 26 Allergan. : Segmental Revenue
      61. Figure 27 Allergan. . Geographical Revenue
      62. Figure 28 AbbVie Inc : Key Financials
      63. Figure 29 AbbVie Inc : Segmental Revenue
      64. Figure 30 AbbVie Inc : Geographical Revenue
      65. Figure 31 Novartis International AG. : Key Financials
      66. Figure 32 Novartis International AG. : Segmental Revenue
      67. Figure 33 Novartis International AG. : Geographical Revenue
      68. Figure 34 Bristol-Myers Squibb : Key Financials
      69. Figure 35 Bristol-Myers Squibb : Segmental Revenue
      70. Figure 36 Bristol-Myers Squibb : Geographical Revenue
      71. Figure 37 Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH : Key Financials
      72. Figure 38 Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH : Segmental Revenue
      73. Figure 39 Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH : Geographical Revenue

    Rectovaginal Fistula Market Segmentation

    Market Segmentation Overview

    • Detailed segmentation data will be available in the full report
    • Comprehensive analysis by multiple parameters
    • Regional and country-level breakdowns
    • Market size forecasts by segment
    Infographic

    Free Sample Request

    Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

    Get Free Sample

    Customer Strories

    “I am very pleased with how market segments have been defined in a relevant way for my purposes (such as "Portable Freezers & refrigerators" and "last-mile"). In general the report is well structured. Thanks very much for your efforts.”

    Victoria Milne

    Founder
    Case Study
    Chemicals and Materials