• Cat-intel
  • MedIntelliX
  • Consulting
  • Resources
  • About Us
  • News
  • Careers
  • Contact Us
  • Login
    • Hero Background
    English
    Chinese
    French
    Japanese
    Korean
    German
    Spanish

    Elbow Stiffness Market Trends

    ID: MRFR/Pharma/4592-HCR
    100 Pages
    Rahul Gotadki
    October 2025

    Elbow Stiffness Market Research Report Information Treatment (Conservative Treatment, Physiotherapy, Surgical Treatment, Open Surgery), Diagnosis (X-Ray, MRI), and End-User (Hospitals & Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Center, Research Institute) – Global Forecast Till 2035

    Share:
    Download PDF ×

    We do not share your information with anyone. However, we may send you emails based on your report interest from time to time. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

    Elbow Stiffness Market Infographic

    Purchase Options

    $ 4,950.0
    $ 5,950.0
    $ 7,250.0
    Compare License
    Summary Table of Contents Segmentation Download PDF

    Market Trends

    Key Emerging Trends in the Elbow Stiffness Market

    The market is growing as elbow stiffness rates rise. Elbow stiffness is developing globally due to sedentary lifestyles, aging populations, and sports accidents. Elbow stiffness treatment is being advanced by computers and telephones. Patient options for more effective and less invasive arthroscopic and minimally invasive operations are growing. Because people choose non-surgical therapies, physiotherapy and rehabilitation are in demand. The need for faster recovery, fewer post-op complications, and patient comfort drives this trend. Elbow stiffness is treated using regenerative medicine. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections and stem cell treatment are becoming more popular because they may rebuild tissue, decrease inflammation, and enhance joint function. Elderly population growth boosts elbow stiffness market trends. Elbow stiffness has grown owing to the rising senior population and musculoskeletal problems. Demographic change should support market expansion soon! Healthcare providers and manufacturers emphasize patient-centered elbow stiffness therapy. The industry prioritizes therapeutic customisation to satisfy patient demands, enhance quality of life, and improve long-term results.Partnerships between pharmaceutical companies, research groups, and medical institutions are growing. These collaborations pool resources, share information, and accelerate therapy development to create a dynamic elbow stiffness market. The expanding understanding of elbow stiffness, its causes, and treatment options is affecting market dynamics. Healthcare professionals and organizations actively establish educational programs to educate patients and practitioners about prevention, early detection, and successful treatment alternatives. Elbow stiffness has an economic impact due to higher diagnostic and treatment expenses. Due to government and healthcare system reinvestment in musculoskeletal diseases, the elbow stiffness market is expected to grow. Regulatory issues, financing issues, and limited access to contemporary healthcare facilities in some places hinder market expansion. Despite positive developments, these problems provide barriers. These obstacles must be solved for the elbow stiffness market to continue growing.

    Market Summary

    The Global Elbow Stiffness Market is projected to grow from 0.14 USD Billion in 2024 to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035, indicating robust expansion.

    Key Market Trends & Highlights

    Elbow Stiffness Key Trends and Highlights

    • The market is expected to experience a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.45% from 2025 to 2035.
    • By 2035, the market valuation is anticipated to reach 0.56 USD Billion, reflecting increasing demand.
    • In 2024, the market is valued at 0.14 USD Billion, showcasing the initial stages of growth.
    • Growing adoption of advanced rehabilitation technologies due to an increasing prevalence of elbow stiffness is a major market driver.

    Market Size & Forecast

    2024 Market Size 0.14 (USD Billion)
    2035 Market Size 0.56 (USD Billion)
    CAGR (2025-2035) 13.45%
    Largest Regional Market Share in 2024 latin_america)

    Major Players

    AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Novartis AG, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., Amgen, Inc., Qiagen N.V., Siemens Healthcare Scientific Ltd., Bio Rad Laboratories Inc.

    Market Trends

    The increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is likely to drive demand for innovative treatment options in the elbow stiffness market, reflecting a broader trend towards personalized healthcare solutions.

    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

    Elbow Stiffness Market Market Drivers

    Growing Awareness of Rehabilitation

    The Global Elbow Stiffness Market Industry benefits from the increasing awareness surrounding the importance of rehabilitation for elbow stiffness. Patients and healthcare providers are recognizing that proper rehabilitation can significantly enhance recovery and restore functionality. This awareness is leading to a higher demand for physical therapy services and rehabilitation products. As more individuals seek to regain their mobility and strength, the market is poised for growth. The projected increase in market value from 0.14 USD Billion in 2024 to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035 reflects this trend, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.45% anticipated from 2025 to 2035.

    Rising Incidence of Elbow Disorders

    The Global Elbow Stiffness Market Industry experiences growth driven by the increasing prevalence of elbow disorders, such as tendinitis and arthritis. These conditions often lead to stiffness and reduced mobility, necessitating effective treatment options. As the global population ages, the incidence of these disorders is likely to rise, contributing to the market's expansion. In 2024, the market is valued at 0.14 USD Billion, and projections indicate a significant increase to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035. This trend suggests a compound annual growth rate of 13.45% from 2025 to 2035, highlighting the urgent need for innovative therapies and rehabilitation solutions.

    Advancements in Treatment Technologies

    Technological advancements in the treatment of elbow stiffness significantly influence the Global Elbow Stiffness Market Industry. Innovations such as minimally invasive surgical techniques, regenerative medicine, and advanced physiotherapy modalities are enhancing patient outcomes. For instance, the introduction of arthroscopic procedures allows for quicker recovery times and less postoperative pain. These advancements not only improve the quality of care but also attract more patients seeking effective solutions for elbow stiffness. As the market evolves, the integration of technology into treatment protocols is likely to drive growth, aligning with the projected increase in market value from 0.14 USD Billion in 2024 to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035.

    Aging Population and Lifestyle Changes

    The demographic shift towards an aging population, coupled with lifestyle changes, is a critical driver for the Global Elbow Stiffness Market Industry. Older adults are more susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders, including elbow stiffness, due to age-related degeneration. Additionally, sedentary lifestyles and increased participation in sports and physical activities among younger populations contribute to elbow injuries. This dual impact creates a growing patient base requiring effective treatment options. As the market adapts to these demographic trends, the anticipated growth from 0.14 USD Billion in 2024 to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035 underscores the need for targeted interventions and solutions.

    Increased Investment in Healthcare Infrastructure

    Investment in healthcare infrastructure plays a pivotal role in shaping the Global Elbow Stiffness Market Industry. Governments and private entities are increasingly allocating resources to enhance healthcare facilities and services, particularly in rehabilitation and orthopedic care. This investment facilitates access to advanced treatment options for elbow stiffness, improving patient outcomes. Enhanced healthcare infrastructure not only supports the delivery of quality care but also encourages research and development in treatment modalities. As the market evolves, the anticipated growth from 0.14 USD Billion in 2024 to 0.56 USD Billion by 2035 reflects the positive impact of these investments on the overall healthcare landscape.

    Market Segment Insights

    Elbow Stiffness Treatment Insights

    Based on conservative treatment, the market is segmented into physiotherapy and splinting. By surgical treatment, the market is segmented into open surgery and arthroscopic procedures. 

    Elbow Stiffness Diagnosis Insights

    With reference to diagnosis, the market is segmented into X-Ray and MRI.  

    Elbow Stiffness End Users Insights

    On account of end-user, the market is segmented into hospitals and clinics, research institutes and ambulatory surgical centers, and others. 

    Get more detailed insights about Elbow Stiffness Market Research Report – Forecast to 2032

    Regional Insights

    Key Companies in the Elbow Stiffness Market market include

    Industry Developments

    Future Outlook

    Elbow Stiffness Market Future Outlook

    The Global Elbow Stiffness Market is projected to grow at a 13.45% CAGR from 2024 to 2035, driven by advancements in treatment technologies and increasing awareness of rehabilitation.

    New opportunities lie in:

    • Develop innovative rehabilitation devices tailored for elbow stiffness recovery.
    • Invest in telehealth solutions to enhance patient engagement and monitoring.
    • Explore partnerships with orthopedic clinics for integrated treatment programs.

    By 2035, the market is expected to exhibit robust growth, reflecting advancements in treatment and increased patient demand.

    Market Segmentation

    Elbow stiffness End-user Outlook

    • Hospitals & Clinics
    • Ambulatory Surgical Centers
    • Research Institutes
    • Others

    Elbow stiffness Regional Outlook

    North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • South America

    Elbow stiffness Diagnosis Outlook

    • X-Ray
    • MRI

    Elbow stiffness Treatment Outlook

    • Conservative Treatment
    • Physiotherapy
    • Splinting
    • Surgical Treatment
    • Open Surgery
    • Arthroscopic Procedures

    Report Scope

    Report Attribute/Metric Details
    Market Size 2023 0.08 (USD Billion)
    Market Size 2024 0.14 (USD Billion)
    Market Size 2032 0.49 (USD Billion)
    Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) 4.63 % (2024 - 2032)
    Report Coverage Revenue Forecast, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, and Trends
    Base Year 2023
    Market Forecast Period 2024 - 2032
    Historical Data 2019 - 2023
      Geographies Covered North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World (RoW)
      Key Vendors AbbVie Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH Novartis AG Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company  Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. Amgen, Inc. Qiagen N.V. Siemens Healthcare Scientific Ltd. Bio Rad Laboratories Inc.
      Key Market Opportunities New product launches and R&D Amongst major key Players
      Key Market Drivers The growing popularity of smoking is likely to be a major driver for the rumination syndrome market.

    Market Highlights

    Author

    Rahul Gotadki
    Assistant Manager

    She holds an experience of about 6+ years in market research and business consulting, working under the spectrum of information communication technology, telecommunications and semiconductor domains. aarti conceptualizes and implements a scalable business strategy and provides strategic leadership to the clients. her expertise lies in market estimation, competitive intelligence, pipeline analysis, customer assessment, etc.

    Leave a Comment

    Latest Comments

    John Doe
    john@example.com

    This is a great article! Really helped me understand the topic better.

    Posted on July 23, 2025, 10:15 AM
    Jane Smith
    jane@domain.com

    Thanks for sharing this. I’ve bookmarked it for later reference.

    Posted on July 22, 2025, 7:45 PM
    View All

    FAQs

    What are the major treatments for elbow stiffness?

    Major treatments for elbow stiffness include physiotherapy, conservative treatment, surgical treatment, and open surgery.

    What is the CAGR of the elbow stiffness market?

    Global elbow stiffness market is expected to exhibit a strong 4.63% CAGR over the forecast period till 2032.

    What is the major driver for the elbow stiffness market?

    The growing prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis is a major driver for the elbow stiffness market.

    Which is the major regional elbow stiffness market?

    North America is expected to hold the largest share in the elbow stiffness market.

    What are the key players in the elbow stiffness market?

    Leading players in the elbow stiffness market include AbbVie, Pfizer, and Qiagen, among others.

    1. Table of Content    
    2.     Report Prologue    
    3.     Market Introduction    
      1.     Definition    
      2.     Scope of the Study    
        1.     Research Objective    
        2.     Assumptions    
        3.     Limitations    
    4.     Research Methodology
      1.     Introduction
      2.     Primary Research    
      3.     Secondary Research    
      4.     Market Size Estimation
    5.     Market Dynamics
      1.     Drivers    
      2.     Restraints
      3.     Opportunities    
      4.     Challenges
      5.     Macroeconomic Indicators
      6.     Technology Trends & Assessment
    6.     Market Factor Analysis
      1.     Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
        1.     Bargaining Power of Suppliers    
        2.     Bargaining Power of Buyers
        3.     Threat of New Entrants    
        4.     Threat of Substitutes    
        5.     Intensity of Rivalry    
      2.     Value Chain Analysis
      3.     Investment Feasibility Analysis    
      4.     Pricing Analysis
    7.     Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment
    8.      6.1    Introduction
      1. Conservative Treatment
    9. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, 2023–2030    
    10. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region/Country, 2023–2030
      1. Physiotherapy
    11. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, 2023–2030    
    12. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region/Country, 2023–2030
      1. Splinting
    13. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, 2023–2030    
    14. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region/Country, 2023–2030
      1. Surgical Treatment
        1. Open surgery
        2. Arthroscopic procedures
    15.     Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Diagnosis
      1.     Introduction
      2.     X-ray
      3.     MRI
      4.     CT Scan
    16. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, 2023–2030    
    17.     Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User
      1.     Introduction
      2.     Hospitals & Clinics
      3.     Ambulatory Surgical Centers
      4.        Research Institutes
      5.        Others
    18. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, 2023–2030    
    19. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region/Country, 2023–2030
    20. 9    Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Region
      1.     Introduction
      2.     Americas
    21. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2023–2030
    22. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    23. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
    24. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by End-User, 2023–2030
      1.     North America
    25. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2023–2030
    26. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
      1.     U.S.
    27. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    28. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
    29. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by End-User, 2023–2030
      1.     Canada
    30. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    31. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
    32. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by End-User, 2023–2030
      1.     South America
      2.     Europe
    33. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2023–2030
      1.     Western Europe
    34. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2023–2030
    35. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    36. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
      1.     Germany
        1.     France
    37. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    38. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
    39. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by End-User, 2023–2030
      1.     Spain
    40. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
      1.     Rest of Western Europe
    41. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Treatment, 2023–2030
    42. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030
    43. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by End-User, 2023–2030
      1.     Eastern Europe
      2.     Asia Pacific
    44. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Country, 2023–2030
      1.     Japan
        1.     China
        2.     India
        3.     Australia
        4.     Republic of Korea
        5.     Rest of Asia Pacific
      2.     The Middle East & Africa
    45. •    Market Estimates & Forecast, by Region, 2023–2030
      1.     United Arab Emirates
        1.      Saudi Arabia
        2.     Oman
        3.     Kuwait
        4.     Qatar
        5.     Rest of the Middle East & Africa
    46. 10    Company Landscape    
      1.     Introduction    
      2.     Market Share Analysis    
      3.     Key Development & Strategies    
        1.     Key Developments    
    47. 11    Company Profiles    
      1.     AbbVie
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     SWOT Analysis    
      2.     Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financial Overview    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      3.     Novartis AG
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financial Overview
        4.     Key Development    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      4.     Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product/Business Segment Overview    
        3.     Financial Overview    
        4.     Key Development    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      5.     Pfizer, Inc.
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financial overview    
        4.     Key Developments    
      6.     Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
        1.     Company Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financial Overview    
        4.     Key Developments    
      7.     F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      8.     Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      9.     Amgen, Inc.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      10.     Qiagen N.V.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      11.     Siemens Healthcare Scientific Ltd.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
      12.     Bio Rad Laboratories Inc.
        1.     Overview    
        2.     Product Overview    
        3.     Financials    
        4.     Key Developments    
        5.     SWOT Analysis    
    48. 12    MRFR Conclusion    
      1.     Key Findings    
        1.     From CEO’s View Point    
        2.     Unmet Needs of the Market    
      2.     Key Companies to Watch    
      3.     Prediction of Pharmaceutical Industry
    49. 13    Appendix
    50. List of Tables and Figures
      1. LIST OF TABLES
      2. Table 1         Elbow Stiffness Industry Synopsis, 2023–2030
      3. Table 2        Global Elbow Stiffness Market Estimates and Forecast, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      4. Table 3        Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Region, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      5. Table 4        Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      6. Table 5        Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      7. Table 6     Global Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      8. Table 7        North America Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      9. Table 8            North America Elbow Stiffness Market, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      10. Table 9        North America Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      11. Table 10    U.S. Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      12. Table 11           U.S. Elbow Stiffness Market, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      13. Table 12    U.S. Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      14. Table 13    Canada Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      15. Table 14    Canada Elbow Stiffness Market, by Diagnosis, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      16. Table 15    Canada Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      17. Table 16    South America Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      18. Table 17    South America Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      19. Table 18    Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      20. Table 19    Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      21. Table 20    Western Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      22. Table 21    Western Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      23. Table 22    Eastern Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      24. Table 23    Eastern Europe Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      25. Table 24    Asia Pacific Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      26. Table 25    Asia Pacific Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      27. Table 26    Middle East & Africa Elbow Stiffness Market, by Treatment, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      28. Table 27            Middle East & Africa Elbow Stiffness Market, by diagnosis, 2023–2030, (USD Million)
      29. Table 28    Middle East & Africa Elbow Stiffness Market, by End-User, 2023–2030, (USD Million)   LIST OF FIGURES
      30. Figure 1    Research Process
      31. Figure 2    Segmentation for Global Elbow Stiffness Market
      32. Figure 3    Segmentation Market Dynamics for Elbow Stiffness Market
      33. Figure 4    Global Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Treatment 2023
      34. Figure 5    Global Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Diagnosis 2023
      35. Figure 6    Global Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by End-User, 2023
      36. Figure 7    Global Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Region, 2023
      37. Figure 8    North America Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Country, 2023
      38. Figure 9    Europe Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Country, 2023
      39. Figure 10    Asia Pacific Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Country, 2023
      40. Figure 11    Middle East & Africa Elbow Stiffness Market Share, by Country, 2023
      41. Figure 12    Global Elbow Stiffness Market: Company Share Analysis, 2023 (%)
      42. Figure 13    Abbott Laboratories: Key Financials
      43. Figure 14    Abbott Laboratories: Segmental Revenue
      44. Figure 16    Abbott Laboratories: Geographical Revenue
      45. Figure 17    Medtronic. Key Financials
      46. Figure 18    Medtronic: Segmental Revenue
      47. Figure 19    Medtronic: Geographical Revenue
      48. Figure 20    Terumo: Key Financials
      49. Figure 21    Terumo: Segmental Revenue
      50. Figure 22    Terumo: Geographical Revenue
      51. Figure 23    Getinge: Key Financials
      52. Figure 24    Getinge: Segmental Revenue
      53. Figure 25    Getinge: Geographical Revenue
      54. Figure 26    Teleflex: Key Financials
      55. Figure 27    Teleflex: Segmental Revenue
      56. Figure 28    Teleflex. Geographical Revenue
      57. Figure 29    Abiomed. Key Financials
      58. Figure 30    Abiomed. Segmental Revenue
      59. Figure 31    Abiomed. Geographical Revenue
      60. Figure 32    Cardiacassist. Key Financials
      61. Figure 33    Cardiacassist. Segmental Revenue
      62. Figure 34    Cardiacassist. Geographical Revenue

    Elbow Stiffness Market Segmentation

    Market Segmentation Overview

    • Detailed segmentation data will be available in the full report
    • Comprehensive analysis by multiple parameters
    • Regional and country-level breakdowns
    • Market size forecasts by segment
    Infographic

    Free Sample Request

    Kindly complete the form below to receive a free sample of this Report

    Get Free Sample

    Related Reports

    Regional Reports
    Country Reports

    Customer Strories

    “I am very pleased with how market segments have been defined in a relevant way for my purposes (such as "Portable Freezers & refrigerators" and "last-mile"). In general the report is well structured. Thanks very much for your efforts.”

    Victoria Milne

    Founder
    Case Study
    Chemicals and Materials
    Global Magnesium Sulfate Market – Forecast till 2027